​​Bone fracture would likely be suspected from                                               , or not it should be clear from your initial diagnosis. A X-ray scan would be recommended to identify the fracture site. 

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​In a Lateral ankle sprain, the ATFL, CFL and PTFL are the common ligaments to be injured. By gently pressing onto the structures relative to Figure 1, tenderness, soreness or pain symptoms produced may indicate a ligament injury in the region. The grade of the sprain indicated in Figure 2 represents the approximate severity of the ligament tear. Normally, it could be estimated by the amount of swelling later on. Grade 1 sprain might induce only small amount of symptoms and swelling whereas grade 2 to 3 would show a more severe presentation. 

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In a High ankle sprain (A more complex ankle sprain which involves twisting your leg outward), the AITFL and PITFL are likely to be injured. Locating and pressing onto the tissues relative to Figure 3 would give you hints to your injury. Normally, high ankle sprain would be harder to detect and easily missed out. Please seek help from a physiotherapist if you suspect a high ankle sprain since the management would be more complex than a lateral ankle sprain. 

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In an Achilles tendon rupture (complete tear), a pop sound may be heard instantly followed by a sharp and severe pain in the location, swelling around the heel and tendon region relative to Figure 1. To confirm your diagnosis, you can perform a calf squeeze test by hanging your foot in the air and squeeze your calf as illustrated in Figure 4. If your foot doesn't move, you highly likely have an achilles tendon rupture. 

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​In an Achilles tendinitis (inflammation of the Achilles tendon), you may not have a sudden episode of the injury or direct trauma to the tendon. Pain may gradually occur over a period of time. Since tendon is load-dependant, sudden and drastic increase in load may irritate it. Activities like running, jumping or playing basketball have high impact (high load) to the tendon. Doing too much and too soon may cause inflammation to it. In general, you may find these presentation as below:

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If load has not been reduced or managed well, tendinitis may worsen into tendinosis (shown in Figure 5) over time, which is chronic damage and degeneration of the tendon tissue. At this stage, we normally name this kind of injury an Achilles Tendinopathy as a general term of tendon pain/dysfunction. It's physiotherapy management is explained in 

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HOWEVER,

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When these symptoms occur (suspect Achilles Peratendinitis):​

• Inflammation lasts with local increase in heat

• Crepitus (clicking, cracking, crunching sensation or noice) during movements

• Diffusely swollen tendon and the swelling does not move when ankle dorsiflex. 

• Touchable bump in the region

• Pain in full range of motion movements but better with partial range of motion​

Please visit a physiotherapist in person given the symptoms and treatment of Achilles Paratendinitis is different to normal Achilles Tendinopathy. 

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When these symptoms occur (suspect Haglund's Deformity):

• Heel pain and swelling

• Bump you can see or feel through the skin of the heel similar to figure 6)

• Skin decolorisation around the bump

Please visit a physiotherapist in person. 

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Key to note that the above information is only empowering you to IDENTIFY SOME common ankle injuries so you would have a basic idea of what's going on. For an accurate diagnosis and a tailored treatment plan, it is always recommended to seek help from a physiotherapist in person. ​​​​​